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Basque whaling begins in North America.
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Jacques Cartier makes three voyages to the St. Lawrence. Cartier 1993 (780)

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French mariners make voyages of discovery to Acadia and Quebec. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/du_gua_de_monts_pierre_1E.html; http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/champlain_samuel_de_1E.html

Samuel de Champlain establishes Port Royal. Champlain 1922, vol. 1:361-73 (99)

English attempt to establish a colony on the Sagadahoc River in Maine. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popham_Colony

Samuel de Champlain establishes Quebec. Champlain 1922, vol. 2:35-6 (99)

Micmacs tell french explorers that they have already been visited by deadly virgin soil epidemics. Biard? Champlain?

French Jesuit Missionaries arrive in Acadia. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/masse_enemond_1E.html

Pierre Biard attempts to establish a mission at Mt Desert Island. Thwaites 1895, vol. 3:267-272 (569)

Samuel Argall drives the French out of Acadia. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/argall_samuel_1E.html

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Lethal epidemic, possibly of Leptosporosis, breaks out in New England and spreads at least as far as the Great lakes. Marr and Cathey 2010 (723) Some sources assert that the diaease was smallpox. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N27531.0001.001/1:13?rgn=div1;view=toc

Plymouth Colony is established. Bradford 1991 (74)

Pilgrims settle at Plymouth, MA. Bradford 1991 (74)

Children of European settlers begin to be born in Quebec, Acadia and New England. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_White; https://museeacadien.ca/en/the-first-canadian-child-with-european-blood-outside-newfoundland-was-born-at-our-doorstep/#:~:text=The%20document%20reads%20thus%3A%20%E2%80%9CDecember,12%20years%20old%20or%20about; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Desportes

The colony of Mount Wollaston was established in Quincy, MA. Morton 1883 (782)

The Company of One Hundred Associates is formed. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/compagnie-des-cent-associes

French again get pushed out Acadia by the English. https://historion.net/pioneers-france-new-world/1628-1629-english-quebec

Plymouth Colony established a trading post aclled Cushnoc in Augusta, ME. Bradford 1991:54 (78)

Kng Charles of England issues the Massachusetts Bay Charter. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/mass03.asp

1500 Puritans arrive in Massachusetts Bay. Winthrop 1908, vol. 1:47 (623) Some settlers are already established in Weymouth, Charlestown (Mishawum) and Lynn (Saugust). Mattapan (Dorchester), Roxbury, watertown and Meadford, MA were allready occupied.

One hundred Micmacs [Tarrentines] in three shallops attack Ipswich, killing seven and capturing local indians Winthrop 1908, vol. 1:53 (623).

The treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye restores Quebec and Acadia to France. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-of-saint-germain

Hingham and Ipswich (Agawam) are organized. Barber 1844:191,503 (784)

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First Capuchin missionaries arrive at Pentagoet deNante 1927:249 (139)

Harvard College founded in Cambridge, MA. https://archive.org/details/foundingofharvar0000mori

Wood Map shows expansion English settlement around Massachusettes Bay. Wood 1865 (625)

French penetrate the Great Lakes Area. Widespread epidemic in the St. Lawrence region (Les Annales de l'Hotel-Dieu de Quebec:25).

We live in a region [Quebec] where Montagnais, Algonquians, Abenaquiouis and Saguenays come to settle because they wish to bekieve and obey god. Marshal 1967 (719)

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Penacooks and Massachusetts Indians submit to English governance (Gookin 1836:4898-9; MA 30:3).

Abenakis (living on the Kennebec) "loose a good part of their nation to a disease which causes the vomitimg of blood." Thwaites 1895, vol. 28:204-5 (573)

Warfare inntensified between the Iroquois and Algonquian speaking communities to their east. Day 1984. (792)

Massachusetts Colony has established 31 towns, Plymouth Colony ten. John Eliot publishes his edition of the Bible translated into Algonquian. https://historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=1741

Company for Propagating the Gospel among Indians in New England (N. Norton 1669:131).

Attacks by Iroquois against the Franch of Nouvelle Frence and their (mostly) Algonquian-speaking allies drive the latter westward into the "Middle Ground" centered on the Illinois country. White 1991 (781)

Abenakis write to French King Louis VIII requesting his protection, probably from Iroquois attack. PAC C11, vol.1. fol 266 (437)

Piscataqua Indians submit to English governance. Shurtleff 1853-4 vol. 3:299 (528)

Harvard's Indian College is constructed. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/3/24/harvard-indian-american-native/ The New England Company agreed to fund the construction in Harvard Yard of an Indian College large enough to accommodate six Native students. President Dunster requested a larger building, and by the time the structure was completed in 1656, it could house 20 scholars. https://www.massmoments.org/moment-details/ceremony-honors-early-indian-students.html

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Muskets supplied by the Dutch enabled the Mohawks to :conquer their conquerrors" and "render them formidable everywhere and victoruois over all Nations with whom they have been at war. Thwaites 1895, vol. 45: 205-6 (569)

Socoquis are baptized in Montreal. Sulte 1929 (724)

The Company of One Hundred Associates is disolved. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates Seminary at Quebec is establshed. https://www.ville.quebec.qc.ca/en/citoyens/patrimoine/quartiers/vieux_quebec/interet/seminaire_de_quebec.aspx

Sokoki community abandons the Connecticut Valley and moves to Odanak/St. Francois (Day). Nipmuks submit to English governance (MA30:146).

Carignan-Salières Regiment arrives in Nouvelle-France in 1665. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carignan-Salières_Regiment

Port Royal colonists expand to establish other settlements. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-acadia

Massachusetts population is around 30,000, 1000 in Maine 100 of whom live in the Kennebec area. Greene and Harrington 1932:3 (722) Probable date when Jean Crevier settles at Odanak. Sokoki are already living in the area. (Maurault 1866:276 (717)

King Philip's War begins. Hubbard 1971 (254)

Nashaways and Nipmuks who had joined King Philip in war hide among noncomnatamt Penacooks. Hubbard 1971, vol. 2:280-1 (254) Nipmuks and Connecticut Valley Indians flee toward the Hudson River. Hubbard 1971, vol, 1:201 (254) Many settling at Schaghticoke on the Hoosac River. PRCC vol. 2:466 (739)

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The King's ships bring measles and smallpox to Quebec "decimating the Mission Indians." Another epidemic the next yeae took a heavy toll. Eccles 1959:185-8 (739) Following the LaBarre expedition against the Iroquois, in 1684, Sokwaki warriors brought fevers contracted on the shores of Lake Ontario to St. Francois. "This disease soon spread through the mission, and carried off a large number of savages." during the winter of 1684. Maurault 1866:247 (717)

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Census of Canada (presumably Nouvelle France and Acadia: Ecclesiastics: 19; French: 10,925; Indians: 1465; Houses: 1990; Mills: 43; Fire arms: 1997; Horses; 175; cattle (horned beasts): 7313; plowing land (Terre en labour), probably in arpents (~ 1 acre):23573; Sheep: 900; Goats: 24. Coll. de Ms. 1883 vol. 1:389-90 (116)

Gargas coonducts a census of Acadia. Morse 1935:143-160. (785)

King William's War breaks out. Duringthe war, the British fortified key coastal locations to defend against French incursions from the eastward. New England population is 44,000. New York popu;ation is 20,000. Greene and Harrington 1932 (722)

Fortified Pemaquid falls to the Indians.

Smallpox breaks out in New England. English population stands at around 2,000. (Greene and Harrington 1932:36-40 (722)

Massachusetts Governor William Phipps builds a fort at Pemaquid at great expense to the province to fend off French attacks from Acadia. In 1696 a combined force of French and local Indians captured and destroyed the fort. This drawing was done in the early 1700s by British military engineer Wolfgang William Romer, who was put in charge of fortifying English/British coastal settlements from Boston to Pemaquid.

Male population of New England is 9,500 Greene and Harrington 1932:36-40 (722)

Jesuit missionary Sebastien Rasle established a mission at the Indian village of Norridgewock (Madison, Maine) on the Kennebec River. Lord, Sexton and Harrington 1944 vol.1:41 (312)

Epidemic among the Indians allied with the French. Rawlyk 1973:79 (769)

By this date Missionary Vincent Bigot transfers the Pentagoet mission to Narakamigou (Canton Point, ME) to better suit agriculture. to teach agriculture. Leger 192I:93 (301) In 1755 its population stood at several hundred, but in 1756 was nearly wiped out by smallpox and the village was abandoned. French forces capture Fort William Henry. WilliamsonPreparing to attack Fort William Henry at Penaquid. Williamsoon 1832, vol. 1:643-4 (620) Thury tells d'Inerville he has 90 warriors from Pentagoet and 70 from the Kennebec plus several from Passamaquoddy and the St. John. Beaudoin, Journal du Expedition:75 (714)

Missionary Vincent Bigot transfers the Pentagoet mission to Narakamigou (Canton Point, ME) to better suit agriculture. to teach agriculture. In 1755 its population stood at several hundred, but in 1756 was nearly wiped out by smallpox and the village was abandoned.

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New England population is 90,000. Greene and Harrington: 36-40 (722)

Jesuit Joseph Aubrey founds a mission at Meductic on the upper St. John River. Raymond 1898 (494)

The Great Peace of Montreal is signed, ending hostilities between the French and their alies and the Iroquois. This event marks the beginning of the Great Council Fire at Caughnawaga which strove to unite all Indian groups allied with the French against the Iroquois, and continued in diminished form into the 1860s. Bourque 2001:169, 175,194, 239-40 (71)

Massachusetts population is 70,000; New Hampshire population is 10,000. Connecicut population is 30,000. Rhode Island popularion is 10,000. Greene and Harrington 1932:36-40 (722)

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Fort William and Mary is built in the Piscataqua River in 1705 at the beginning of Queen Anne’s War to defend against French incursions from the eastward.

Serious smallpox epidemic breaks out at Odanak. Day 1981:50 (134)

During Queen Anne’s War, in 1711 the English again failed to capture Quebec, suffering disastrous losses.

Treaty of Utrecht ends Queen anne's War and places Acadia under English control. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-acadia

Massachusetts population is 94,000. New Hampshire population is 9,500. Connecticut population is 4,6000. Rhode Island population is 8,500. Greene and Harrington 1932:36-40 (722)

Indians from Pigwacket to Penobscot sign a treaty ending hostilities of Queen Anne's War. Day 1981:35 (134)

Fox Indians invite Indians at Odanak to share their counrty. Day 1981:40 (134)

Go, Dummer reckons not more than 150 fighting men from Penobscot eastward into Nova Scotis. BM 10:144 (62) By 1720 Massachusetts supports resettlement of Maine by building Casco Fort and Fort George in Brunswick.

Dummer's War begins. Day 1981:35 (134)

Massachusetts officials remind Albany and the Iroquois that they promised to prevent Merrimack and Missisquoi Indians from confederation with Maine Abenakis. BM 23:139 (62)

Massachusetts population is 35,000. Maine popularion is 4,000. New Hampshire population is 7,000. Connecticut population is 20,000. Greene and Harrington 1932:36-40 (722)

Many deaths at Natick, MA.

Smallpox breals out in Boston. Webster 1799 (730) Missisquoi suffers from an epidemic and is abandoned. Allen 1969 (729)

Abenaki village is established at Missisquoi by this data, poopulated by immigrants from Odanak as well as "Boston Indians via Schatgicoke. Day 1981:38 (134)

Smallpox prevalent in Canada, breaks out at Louisbourg, killiing 150. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/smallpox

Fort St. Frederic is constructed in 1734 on Lake Champlain to stem English encroachment toward Nouvelle France.

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Abenakis of St. John, Becancour ans St. francois number 590 men, 2950 persons. Censuses of Canada, 1665 to 1871 (797)

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Acadia has 700 "Abenakis." PAC MG 1 Series C11A (437)

New England populatin is 23,000. Green and Harrington: 36-40 (722)

King George's war. Many depart from Natick, MA: "before all went away some to Cuba others to sea and elsewhere & we fear are dead"

English forces capture Louisbourg, retuening tit to French control in 1748, at the end if King George's War.

During King George's War, the 64 ship D’Anville expedition utterly fails to capture Port Royal and Boston, and brings epidemic disease, probably typhoid fever, to the region’s Indian population. Pritchard 1995 (763)

"The greated portion of the village at Panouamske and Medoctet (Meductic) are still at the River Etrechemins." NYCD 10:128 (422)

il y a en Acadie un millier de Micmacs disperses de long des cotes de Canso a Port Royal. PAC MG series 1 C11A, fol.363-364 (437)

British settle Halifax, Nova Scotia

French build Fort Beausejour on the Isthmus of Chignecto in Nova Scotia. Acadians and Micmacs raid Dartmouth, NS near Halifax.

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English forces begin “Le Grand Derangement,” the deportation of thousands of Acadians.

Seven Years War

A major epidemic of smallpox breaks out in the Great Lakes region and spreads throughout eastern North America (Fenn 2001) Smallpox brought with trade goods from Quebec, kills many Penobscots (MA 32:760-1)

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Rogers' rangers raid Odanak. Day 1981:43 (138)

Abenakis of St. John, Becancour ans St. francois number 100 men, 500 persons. Censuses of Canada, 1665 to 1871 (79

The Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years/Frenchand indian War between France and Great Britain. Acadians are allowed to return home in 1764, but find their best lands granted to British Loyalists. Remaining Indians in Maine submit to British governance (Penn. Gazette Sept 8, 1763).

About 300 St. Francis Indians stop at the Kennebec to sell furs on their way to see a priest on the St. John. Sullivan 1804:226-7 (555)

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Smallpox kills ~130,000 people from Mexico to Canada (Fenn 2001).

Massachusetts population is 47165. Greene and Harrington 1932:36-40 (722)

Massachusetts population is 46220. Greene and Harrington 1932:36-40 (722)

Massachusetts population is 49900. Greene and Harrington 1932:36-40 (722)

508 (492)

New Brunswick separates from Nova Scotia to accommodate Loyalists who left the American colonies during the American Revolution (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick).

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Cholera breaks out in Quebec and spreads to the United States. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1826%E2%80%931837_cholera_pandemic

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Webster Ashburton Treaty establiches the international boundary from Maine to the Great Lakes. Webster Ashbuteo Treaty (772)

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Massachusetts has an Indian population of around 900. Gloucester Telegraph 02/24/1849 (769)

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